At one time, when the science of control - cybernetics was still very young, there were often reports of "artificial animals" in magazines. Gray Walter British was the first to build his famous "Turtle". It was a small three-wheeled cart with two electric motors and an "eye" - a photocell - covered with light shell. If it was dark in the room, the trolley randomly circled it, approaching close to the furniture and the walls and immediately rolling from them. It was triggered by the contacts from the shell, which was shifted during the shocks. But if a lamp was lit in the room, in the "Turtle" literally made a demon. She started chasing the source of the world. The secret of the turtle is extremely simple. Eye continuously ranked her room, and when the beam hit him, the photocell gave a current, the relay triggered, turned off the turning mechanism. The turtle rushed towards the direction that was fixed by the eyed. If the direction turned out to be incorrect, the current in the photocell disappeared, and the relay again included the search mechanism. It lasted until the highest light fell on the photocell. The turtle "I was looking for" the light. Over time, she even taught to feel hunger. When the batteries were depleted, the turtle was confidently sent to his "Nora", where the charger was, and connected to it.
After charging, it rolled out of the hole. It really is quite simple - one more relay has triggered from the device of the measured current. When the voltage fell below a certain level, the search program "Food" turned on. Of course, in no comparison, nor with a real turtle, nor, especially with a cat or rabbit, this simple model is not. She most likely looks like a water outstool. Those are also able to strive for light, to food the most primitive, "unworthy" way: reacting to the change in illumination and the chemical composition of water. The behavior of animals standing at a high level of development and possessing the brain is immeasurably more difficult. Although it, in general, can also be called automatic. Squirrel grown in the room does not lose its usual to store nuts for the winter. She never saw how it was done - she was taken from the nest even blind, "but some cells of her brain retained an accurate program of action. And here the squirrel jumps from the table on the carpet, puts on him a nut and makes the rite of instillation. You understand how she succeeds, but the squirrel is not at all embarrassing that the "buried" nut continues to lie in sight. Having done the laid movements with one walnut, the protein is taken for the next. read more
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